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Conclusions : This study overall found that subjects can safely and effectively apply Systane Complete directly to soft contact lenses. Application of Systane Complete or Sensitive Eyes Rewetting Drops before, during, and after contact lens use was able to significantly and safely improve contact lens comfort and dryness symptoms. Purchase this article with an account. Support Alcon IIT. Alerts User Alerts.

Use of Systane Complete over contact lenses to alleviate lens discomfort. You will receive an email whenever this article is corrected, updated, or cited in the literature. You can manage this and all other alerts in My Account. This feature is available to authenticated users only. Get Citation Citation. Get Permissions. View Metrics. The vial was designed specifically for one time use, therefore there is no need to replace the cap.

Other Alcon websites:. Alcon Legal Privacy Policy. Does it expire at the beginning of the month or the end of the month? Alcon products expire at the end of the month. My doctor told me I could still use this even though it is expired, is it safe?

You can use it as needed. We recommend drops per eye per use. Rinse cleansed eyelid with warm water, pat dry. The vial should be thrown away after one use.

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Rebop Kwaku Baah died in following a brain hemorrhage. Can released a compilation album Limited Edition in , and expanded it to a double album Unlimited Edition in from their unreleased studio recordings. Delay , released in , was a compilation of unreleased — recordings. Cannibalism 2 , a compilation album of album and single material, also included one unreleased song, "Melting Away", from the s. In Can Box was released, with a Can video documentary, a concert recording from and a double live CD compiled by Michael Karoli and later released separately as Can Live Music Live — Holger Czukay and Irmin Schmidt were both pupils of Karlheinz Stockhausen , and Can inherited a strong grounding in his musical theory; the latter was trained as a classical pianist, while Michael Karoli was a pupil of Holger Czukay and brought the influence of gypsy music through his esoteric studies.

Drummer Jaki Liebezeit had strong jazz leanings. The band's sound was originally intended to be based on the sound of ethnic music, so when the band decided to pick up the garage rock sound, original member David Johnson left.

This world music trend was later exemplified on albums such as Ege Bamyasi the name meaning " Aegean okra " in Turkish , Future Days and Saw Delight , and by incorporating new band members with different nationalities. S", demonstrated the band's ability to successfully recreate ethnic-sounding music.

They constructed their music largely through collective spontaneous composition, sampling themselves in the studio and editing down the results; [31] bassist and chief engineer Czukay referred to Can's live and studio performances as "instant compositions". Malcolm Mooney 's voice has been compared to that of James Brown an acknowledged hero of the band members and their early style, rooted in psychedelic music, drew comparisons with Pink Floyd.

Czukay's extensive editing has occasionally been compared to the late-'60s music of trumpeter Miles Davis such as In a Silent Way and Bitches Brew : [34] Can and Davis both would record long groove-intensive improvisations, then edit the best bits together for their albums.

Irmin Schmidt stated in a discussion with Michael Karoli in concerning the various citations of influences upon their music: "You know, it's funny that in spite of all the supposed influences on us that have been written about, the one overriding influence has never been mentioned: Michael von Biel.

Damo Suzuki was a very different singer from Mooney, with a multilingual he claimed to sing in "the language of the Stone Age" and often inscrutable vocal style. With Suzuki, the band made their most critically and commercially successful albums. The Lumerians [37] and Happy Mondays [38] have cited Can as an influence.

Critic Simon Reynolds wrote that "Can's pan-global avant-funk anticipated many of the moves made by sampladelic dance genres like trip hop , ethnotechno and ambient jungle. Radiohead covered Can's song "The Thief" frequently in the early s, [40] and cited them as an influence on their album Kid A. The Sacrilege remix album features remixes of Can tracks by artists who were influenced by Can, including Sonic Youth and U.

While not nearly as influential on electronic music as Kraftwerk , they were important early pioneers of ambient music , along with Tangerine Dream and the aforementioned band. Many groups working in the post-rock genre can look to Can as an influence as part of the larger krautrock scene, as can New Prog bands such as The Mars Volta.

Rolling Stone called the group a "pioneering space rock band". Much of Can's music was based on free improvisation and then edited for the studio albums. For example, when preparing a soundtrack, only Irmin Schmidt would view the film and then give the rest of the band a general description of the scenes they would be scoring.

This assisted in the improvised soundtrack being successful both inside and outside the film's context. Can's live shows often melded spontaneous improvisation of this kind with songs appearing on their albums. The track "Colchester Finale", appearing on the Can Live album, incorporates portions of " Halleluhwah " into a composition lasting over half an hour. Early concerts found Mooney and Suzuki often able to shock audiences. The actor David Niven was asked by Czukay what he had thought of a concert, Niven replied: "It was great, but I didn't know it was music.

The band maintained their ability to collectively improvise with or without central themes for hours at a time their longest performance, in Berlin, lasted over six hours , resulting in a large archive of performances. Can made attempts to find a new vocalist after the departure of Damo Suzuki, although no one quite fit the position.

In , folk singer Tim Hardin took the lead vocal spot and played guitar with Can for one song, at two gigs, performing his own " The Lady Came From Baltimore ". Can band. Article Talk. This article is about the German band.

For the South Korean duo, see Can duo. Can c. Krautrock experimental rock [1] [2] avant-funk [3] [4] [5] art rock [6] psychedelic funk [7]. Problems playing this file? See media help. Main article: Can discography. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN The New York Times.

Retrieved 28 April Rough Guides. Melody Maker. The New European. Retrieved 20 January New Statesman. Retrieved 19 January The Guardian. Red Bull Music Academy. Perfect Sound Forever. February Retrieved 10 July Krautrock Sampler. Head Heritage, , pp. Retrieved 15 October Faber and Faber Rock Music. Archived from the original on 20 April Retrieved 27 January Retrieved 27 July Spoon Records. Retrieved 25 April Retrieved 19 March Retrieved 4 December A message or Frame consists primarily of the ID identifier , which represents the priority of the message, and up to eight data bytes.

The message is transmitted serially onto the bus using a non-return-to-zero NRZ format and may be received by all nodes. The devices that are connected by a CAN network are typically sensors , actuators , and other control devices. CAN data transmission uses a lossless bitwise arbitration method of contention resolution. This arbitration method requires all nodes on the CAN network to be synchronized to sample every bit on the CAN network at the same time.

This is why some call CAN synchronous. Unfortunately the term synchronous is imprecise since the data is transmitted in an asynchronous format, namely without a clock signal. The CAN specifications use the terms "dominant" bits and "recessive" bits, where dominant is a logical 0 actively driven to a voltage by the transmitter and recessive is a logical 1 passively returned to a voltage by a resistor. The idle state is represented by the recessive level Logical 1.

If one node transmits a dominant bit and another node transmits a recessive bit then there is a collision and the dominant bit "wins". This means there is no delay to the higher-priority message, and the node transmitting the lower priority message automatically attempts to re-transmit six bit clocks after the end of the dominant message. This makes CAN very suitable as a real-time prioritized communications system.

The exact voltages for a logical 0 or 1 depend on the physical layer used, but the basic principle of CAN requires that each node listen to the data on the CAN network including the transmitting node s itself themselves. If a logical 1 is transmitted by all transmitting nodes at the same time, then a logical 1 is seen by all of the nodes, including both the transmitting node s and receiving node s.

If a logical 0 is transmitted by all transmitting node s at the same time, then a logical 0 is seen by all nodes. If a logical 0 is being transmitted by one or more nodes, and a logical 1 is being transmitted by one or more nodes, then a logical 0 is seen by all nodes including the node s transmitting the logical 1. When a node transmits a logical 1 but sees a logical 0, it realizes that there is a contention and it quits transmitting. By using this process, any node that transmits a logical 1 when another node transmits a logical 0 "drops out" or loses the arbitration.

A node that loses arbitration re-queues its message for later transmission and the CAN frame bit-stream continues without error until only one node is left transmitting. This means that the node that transmits the first 1 loses arbitration. Since the 11 or 29 for CAN 2. For example, consider an bit ID CAN network, with two nodes with IDs of 15 binary representation, and 16 binary representation, If these two nodes transmit at the same time, each will first transmit the start bit then transmit the first six zeros of their ID with no arbitration decision being made.

When this happens, the node with the ID of 16 knows it transmitted a 1, but sees a 0 and realizes that there is a collision and it lost arbitration. Node 16 stops transmitting which allows the node with ID of 15 to continue its transmission without any loss of data.

The node with the lowest ID will always win the arbitration, and therefore has the highest priority. Decreasing the bit rate allows longer network distances e. The improved CAN FD standard allows increasing the bit rate after arbitration and can increase the speed of the data section by a factor of up to ten or more of the arbitration bit rate. Message IDs must be unique [11] on a single CAN bus, otherwise two nodes would continue transmission beyond the end of the arbitration field ID causing an error.

In the early s, the choice of IDs for messages was done simply on the basis of identifying the type of data and the sending node; however, as the ID is also used as the message priority, this led to poor real-time performance. All nodes on the CAN network must operate at the same nominal bit rate, but noise, phase shifts, oscillator tolerance and oscillator drift mean that the actual bit rate might not be the nominal bit rate.

Synchronization is important during arbitration since the nodes in arbitration must be able to see both their transmitted data and the other nodes' transmitted data at the same time. Synchronization is also important to ensure that variations in oscillator timing between nodes do not cause errors. Synchronization starts with a hard synchronization on the first recessive to dominant transition after a period of bus idle the start bit.

Resynchronization occurs on every recessive to dominant transition during the frame. The CAN controller expects the transition to occur at a multiple of the nominal bit time. If the transition does not occur at the exact time the controller expects it, the controller adjusts the nominal bit time accordingly. The adjustment is accomplished by dividing each bit into a number of time slices called quanta, and assigning some number of quanta to each of the four segments within the bit: synchronization, propagation, phase segment 1 and phase segment 2.

The number of quanta the bit is divided into can vary by controller, and the number of quanta assigned to each segment can be varied depending on bit rate and network conditions.

A transition that occurs before or after it is expected causes the controller to calculate the time difference and lengthen phase segment 1 or shorten phase segment 2 by this time.

This effectively adjusts the timing of the receiver to the transmitter to synchronize them. This resynchronization process is done continuously at every recessive to dominant transition to ensure the transmitter and receiver stay in sync. Continuously resynchronizing reduces errors induced by noise, and allows a receiving node that was synchronized to a node which lost arbitration to resynchronize to the node which won arbitration. The CAN protocol, like many networking protocols, can be decomposed into the following abstraction layers :.

Most of the CAN standard applies to the transfer layer. The transfer layer receives messages from the physical layer and transmits those messages to the object layer. The transfer layer is responsible for bit timing and synchronization, message framing, arbitration, acknowledgement, error detection and signaling, and fault confinement.

It performs:. CAN bus ISO originally specified the link layer protocol with only abstract requirements for the physical layer, e. The electrical aspects of the physical layer voltage, current, number of conductors were specified in ISO , which is now widely accepted. However, the mechanical aspects of the physical layer connector type and number, colors, labels, pin-outs have yet to be formally specified.

As a result, an automotive ECU will typically have a particular—often custom—connector with various sorts of cables, of which two are the CAN bus lines. Nonetheless, several de facto standards for mechanical implementation have emerged, the most common being the 9-pin D-sub type male connector with the following pin-out:. This de facto mechanical standard for CAN could be implemented with the node having both male and female 9-pin D-sub connectors electrically wired to each other in parallel within the node.

Bus power is fed to a node's male connector and the bus draws power from the node's female connector. This follows the electrical engineering convention that power sources are terminated at female connectors. Adoption of this standard avoids the need to fabricate custom splitters to connect two sets of bus wires to a single D connector at each node.

Such nonstandard custom wire harnesses splitters that join conductors outside the node reduce bus reliability, eliminate cable interchangeability, reduce compatibility of wiring harnesses, and increase cost. The absence of a complete physical layer specification mechanical in addition to electrical freed the CAN bus specification from the constraints and complexity of physical implementation. However it left CAN bus implementations open to interoperability issues due to mechanical incompatibility.

In order to improve interoperability, many vehicle makers have generated specifications describing a set of allowed CAN transceivers in combination with requirements on the parasitic capacitance on the line.

In addition to parasitic capacitance, 12V and 24V systems do not have the same requirements in terms of line maximum voltage. Indeed, during jump start events light vehicle lines can go up to 24V while truck systems can go as high as 36V. Noise immunity on ISO is achieved by maintaining the differential impedance of the bus at a low level with low-value resistors ohms at each end of the bus. However, when dormant, a low-impedance bus such as CAN draws more current and power than other voltage-based signaling busses.

On CAN bus systems, balanced line operation, where current in one signal line is exactly balanced by current in the opposite direction in the other signal provides an independent, stable 0 V reference for the receivers. Best practice determines that CAN bus balanced pair signals be carried in twisted pair wires in a shielded cable to minimize RF emission and reduce interference susceptibility in the already noisy RF environment of an automobile.

ISO -2 provides some immunity to common mode voltage between transmitter and receiver by having a 0 V rail running along the bus to maintain a high degree of voltage association between the nodes. Also, in the de facto mechanical configuration mentioned above, a supply rail is included to distribute power to each of the transceiver nodes.

The design provides a common supply for all the transceivers. The actual voltage to be applied by the bus and which nodes apply to it are application-specific and not formally specified. Common practice node design provides each node with transceivers which are optically isolated from their node host and derive a 5 V linearly regulated supply voltage for the transceivers from the universal supply rail provided by the bus.

This usually allows operating margin on the supply rail sufficient to allow interoperability across many node types. Typical values of supply voltage on such networks are 7 to 30 V. However, the lack of a formal standard means that system designers are responsible for supply rail compatibility. ISO -2 describes the electrical implementation formed from a multi-dropped single-ended balanced line configuration with resistor termination at each end of the bus.

As such the terminating resistors form an essential component of the signaling system, and are included, not just to limit wave reflection at high frequency. During a recessive state the signal lines and resistor s remain in a high impedances state with respect to both rails.

A recessive state is present on the bus only when none of the transmitters on the bus is asserting a dominant state. During a dominant state the signal lines and resistor s move to a low impedance state with respect to the rails so that current flows through the resistor.

Irrespective of signal state the signal lines are always in low impedance state with respect to one another by virtue of the terminating resistors at the end of the bus. Multiple access on such systems normally relies on the media supporting three states active high, active low and inactive tri-state and is dealt with in the time domain.

A CAN network can be configured to work with two different message or "frame" formats: the standard or base frame format described in CAN 2. The only difference between the two formats is that the "CAN base frame" supports a length of 11 bits for the identifier, and the "CAN extended frame" supports a length of 29 bits for the identifier, made up of the bit identifier "base identifier" and an bit extension "identifier extension".

The distinction between CAN base frame format and CAN extended frame format is made by using the IDE bit, which is transmitted as dominant in case of an bit frame, and transmitted as recessive in case of a bit frame. CAN controllers that support extended frame format messages are also able to send and receive messages in CAN base frame format. All frames begin with a start-of-frame SOF bit that denotes the start of the frame transmission.

The CAN standard requires that the implementation must accept the base frame format and may accept the extended frame format, but must tolerate the extended frame format. In the event of a data frame and a remote frame with the same identifier being transmitted at the same time, the data frame wins arbitration due to the dominant RTR bit following the identifier. The overload frame contains the two bit fields Overload Flag and Overload Delimiter.

There are two kinds of overload conditions that can lead to the transmission of an overload flag:. The start of an overload frame due to case 1 is only allowed to be started at the first bit time of an expected intermission, whereas overload frames due to case 2 start one bit after detecting the dominant bit. Overload Flag consists of six dominant bits. The overall form corresponds to that of the active error flag.

The overload flag's form destroys the fixed form of the intermission field. As a consequence, all other stations also detect an overload condition and on their part start transmission of an overload flag. Overload Delimiter consists of eight recessive bits. The overload delimiter is of the same form as the error delimiter. The acknowledge slot is used to acknowledge the receipt of a valid CAN frame.

Each node that receives the frame, without finding an error, transmits a dominant level in the ACK slot and thus overrides the recessive level of the transmitter. If a transmitter detects a recessive level in the ACK slot, it knows that no receiver found a valid frame.

A receiving node may transmit a recessive to indicate that it did not receive a valid frame, but another node that did receive a valid frame may override this with a dominant.

The transmitting node cannot know that the message has been received by all of the nodes on the CAN network. Often, the mode of operation of the device is to re-transmit unacknowledged frames over and over. This may lead to eventually entering the "error passive" state.